Deep in the middle of our heads lies a tiny nub of nerve cells that play a key role in how hungry we feel, how much we eat, and how much weight we gain. Around the clock, they produce a “grandfather” form of several hormones that help us regulate these crucial functions.
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Now, a new discovery by a team at the University of Michigan Medical School sheds new light on how that grandfather molecule gets produced — and more important, what can go wrong and raise the risk of overeating and obesity.
Published online in the Journal of Clinical Investigation, the findings could pave the way for new approaches to treating forms of obesity, especially those with genetic roots. They also improve the understanding of how the body controls the levels of hormones related to appetite and much more.
ERAD: A key protein quality control mechanism
The grandfather hormone, or prohormone, is called pro-opiomelanocortin or POMC. After it’s produced by the cells in the region of the brain called the hypothalamus, it gets chopped up to make several important appetite-regulating hormones.
But the new research shows that before POMC can leave the cells that produce it, every single copy has to pass a kind of inspection. This ensures that poorly made POMC copies get cleared in a timely way.
It’s a process called ERAD, for endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation.
The researchers show that the ERAD process in POMC neurons controls food intake and obesity by tightly regulating the amount of POMC released by the cells. If ERAD fails, their experiments showed, most POMC molecules get clumped up and held inside the cell. That means far fewer appetite-regulating hormone molecules reaching the body.
The U-M experiments showed that mice with a broken ERAD system in their POMC neurons ate far more than usual, and gained weight rapidly, becoming obese — even though they were fed a low-energy diet.
“Our findings demonstrate that, surprisingly but unequivocally, the ERAD machinery plays a key role in normal physiology,” says Ling Qi, Ph.D., a professor in the U-M Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology who led the team. “These new revelations identify new elements in disease pathogenesis, and will help us design novel therapeutic approaches and targets for preventing and treating obesity.”
"Whenever you generate mice exhibiting human disease-like phenotypes, you know you are working on something with fundamental importance."
Ling Qi, Ph.D.
ERAD in human obesity
Knowing that a rare, severe form of childhood obesity arises from a mutation in the POMC gene, the researchers explored the relationship between ERAD and this mutation.
Humans with the mutation, called C28F, feel constant hunger and have complete lack of control over eating. They become severely obese in their early years.
The researchers found that mutated POMC molecules evade the ERAD quality control process and built up inside of the brain cells where they were made — getting in the way of the production of normal POMC.
Both cases — the mice with broken ERAD, and the patients with mutated POMC — surprisingly share the same underlying reasons: The built-up misfolded POMC molecules clump together and keep the entire hormone factory from running smoothly.
Strangely, the buildup didn’t cause the cells to die. They just didn’t pump out the POMC prohormone.
The researchers, including lead author Geun Hyang Kim, Ph.D., a postdoctoral fellow in the Qi lab, conclude that properly functioning ERAD provides a “safe space” for the cell to put finishing touches on its products, keeping the bad proteins from clumping together with the good ones.
This opens the door to new experiments with drugs that could boost the ERAD process in POMC-producing brain cells.
Exploring ERAD’s role in other prohormones
The researchers focused on POMC-producing cells in the brain region called the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, and a pair of ERAD quality control molecules called Sel1L-Hrd1.
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Qi and his colleagues last year showed that problems with ERAD affect production of another prohormone, proAVP, which is the grandfather of a hormone called vasopressin that regulates water balance in the body. Mice lacking ERAD in vasopressin-producing neurons develop a condition called diabetes insipidus, just like humans with the same condition.
“Whenever you generate mice exhibiting human disease-like phenotypes, you know you are working on something with fundamental importance,” he says. “The ultimate question for us is, can we manipulate this system to treat human diseases.”
For instance, he says, using the knowledge gained from these studies, a small-molecule drug might be developed to boost the activity of the ERAD machinery, to make sure prohormones get handled correctly. The team is working with other U-M colleagues to test some of these ideas.
The research team included Drs. Guojun Shi and Leena Haataja; undergraduate students Diane R.M. Somlo and Soobin Song; faculty members Malcolm J. Low, M.D., Ph.D., of U-M, and Eduardo A. Nillni, Ph.D., of Brown University, who have studied POMC neurons for years; and protein folding experts Qiaoming Long, Ph.D., of Soochow University in China, and U-M’s Peter Arvan, M.D., Ph.D.; and neurophysiologist Martin G. Myers Jr., M.D., Ph.D.
The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health (DK056731, DK066604, DK48280, DK11174, GM113188, and DK105393) and the American Diabetes Association. The work is part of the U-M Protein Folding Disease Initiative
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