Brazilian researchers at D’OR Institute for Research and Education (IDOR) and Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) have taken what they describe as an important step toward using the implantation of stem cell-generated neurons as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease. Using an FDA approved substance for treating stomach cancer, Rehen and colleagues were able to grow dopamine-producing neurons derived from embryonic stem cells that remained healthy and functional for as long as 15 months after implantation into mice, restoring motor function without forming tumors.
The technique, demonstrated with a
56-year-old man whose right hand had been amputated, uses
non-invasive brain monitoring, capturing brain activity to determine what parts of the brain are involved in grasping an object. With that information, researchers created a computer program, or
brain-machine interface (BMI), that harnessed the subject’s intentions and allowed him to successfully grasp objects, including a water bottle and a credit card. The subject grasped the selected objects 80 percent of the time using a
high-tech bionic hand fitted to the amputee’s stump.
Previous studies involving either surgically implanted electrodes or myoelectric control, which relies upon electrical signals from muscles in the arm, have shown similar success rates, according to the researchers.
Jose Luis
Contreras-Vidal, a neuroscientist and engineer at UH, said the
non-invasive method offers several advantages: It avoids the risks of surgically implanting electrodes by measuring brain activity via scalp electroencephalogram, or EEG. And myoelectric systems aren’t an option for all people, because they require that neural activity from muscles relevant to hand grasping remain intact.
The results of the study were published March 30 in Frontiers in Neuroscience, in the Neuroprosthetics section.
Contreras-Vidal, Hugh Roy and Lillie Cranz Cullen Distinguished Professor of electrical and computer engineering at UH, was lead author of the paper, along with graduate students Harshavardhan Ashok Agashe, Andrew Young Paek and Yuhang Zhang.
The work, funded by the National Science Foundation, demonstrates for the first time
EEG-based BMI control of a
multi-fingered prosthetic hand for grasping by an amputee. It also could lead to the development of better prosthetics,
Contreras-Vidal said.
Beyond demonstrating that prosthetic control is possible using
non-invasive EEG, researchers said the study offers a new understanding of the neuroscience of grasping and will be applicable to rehabilitation for other types of injuries, including stroke and spinal cord injury.
T he study subjects — five
able-bodied,
right-handed men and women, all in their 20s, as well as the amputee — were tested using a
64-channel active EEG, with electrodes attached to the scalp to capture brain activity.
Contreras-Vidal said brain activity was recorded in multiple areas, including the motor cortex and areas known to be used in action observation and
decision-making, and occurred between 50 milliseconds and 90 milliseconds before the hand began to grasp.
That provided evidence that the brain predicted the movement, rather than reflecting it, he said.
«Current upper limb neuroprosthetics restore some degree of functional ability, but fail to approach the ease of use and dexterity of the natural hand, particularly for grasping movements," the researchers wrote, noting that work with invasive cortical electrodes has been shown to allow some hand control but not at the level necessary for all daily activities.
«Further, the inherent risks associated with surgery required to implant electrodes, along with the
long-term stability of recorded signals, is of concern. … Here we show that it is feasible to extract detailed information on intended grasping movements to various objects in a natural, intuitive manner, from a plurality of scalp EEG signals."
Until now, this was thought to be possible only with brain signals acquired invasively inside or on the surface of the brain.
Researchers first recorded brain activity and hand movement in the
able-bodied volunteers as they picked up five objects, each chosen to illustrate a different type of grasp: a soda can, a compact disc, a credit card, a small coin and a screwdriver. The recorded data were used to create decoders of neural activity into motor signals, which successfully reconstructed the grasping movements.
They then fitted the amputee subject with a
computer-controlled neuroprosthetic hand and told him to observe and imagine himself controlling the hand as it moved and grasped the objects.
The subject’s EEG data, along with information about prosthetic hand movements gleaned from the
able-bodied volunteers, were used to build the algorithm.
Contreras-Vidal said additional practice, along with refining the algorithm, could increase the success rate to 100 percent.
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